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India runs one of the newer systems. Since 2022, airlines must randomly drug-test at least 10% of flight crew and controllers a year, using a two-step screening-then-confirmatory process. India’s test net is broad, covering eight-plus substance classes, including cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids, barbiturates and ecstasy. Penalties escalate from rehab to a three-year suspension to permanent cancellation. On alcohol, India is effectively zero-tolerance.